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Structure of German Society
Most of the workforce is employed in the services sector. West Germany
completed the transition from an industrial economy to one dominated by
the services sector in the 1970s, and by the late 1980s this sector employed
two-thirds of the workforce. In contrast, when the Berlin Wall fell, East
Germany still had not made this transition. Because more of the workforce
was engaged in industry and agriculture than in the services sector, its
socioeconomic structure resembled that of West Germany in 1965.
Rainer Geissler, a German sociologist, has examined his country's social
structure in light of the economic changes that have taken place in the
postwar era. Because of the growth of the services sector and the doubling
of state employees since 1950, he has discarded earlier divisions of German
society into an elite class, middle class, and worker class, with a small
services class consisting of employees of all levels. He has replaced
this division with a more nuanced model that better reflects these postwar
changes. As the economy of the new Länder is incorporated into the
western economy, its much simpler social structure (elite, self-employed,
salaried employees, and workers) will come to resemble that of the old
Länder.
According to Geissler, at the end of the 1980s West Germany's largest
group (28 percent of the population) was an educated salaried middle class,
employed either in the services sector or in the manufacturing sector
as educated, white-collar employees. Some members of this group earned
very high salaries; others earned skilled blue-collar wages. This professional
class has expanded at the expense of the old middle class, which amounted
to only 7 percent of the population at the end of the 1980s. A less educated
segment of the services sector, or white-collar employee sector, amounted
to 9 percent of the population. Geissler divided the working class into
three groups: an elite of the best-trained and best-paid workers (12 percent);
skilled workers (18 percent), about 5 percent of whom are foreigners;
and unskilled workers (15 percent), about 25 percent of whom are foreigners.
A portion of this last group live below the poverty line. Farmers and
their families make up 6 percent of the population. At the top of his
model of the social structure, Geissler posits an elite of less than 1
percent.
- Immigration
- Women In Society
- Marriage
- Social Structure
- Religion
- Urbanization
- Geography (lands and
capitals, climate)
- Society (population, religion,
marriage, urbanization, social structure, immigration)
- Education (elementary,
junior, senior, vocational, higher)
- Economy (the Economic
Miracle, financial system, Bundesbank, business culture)
- Politics (government,
the Chancellor, the President, parties, Bundestag)
- Mass Media (newspapers,
radio and TV)
- Armed Forces (army,
navy, air forces, police)
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