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German HISTORY - All Facts and Events
-
The
Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 (The Counter-Reformation, Military
Campaigns, The Peace of Westphalia)
-
The
Age of Enlightened Absolutism, 1648-1789 (Austria and Prussia,
The Smaller States)
-
The
French Revolution and Germany
-
The
German Confederation, 1815-66 (Major Trends Toward Unification,
The Revolutions of 1848, The Restoration)
-
Bismarck
and Unification
-
Imperial
Germany (Political Parties, The Economy and Population Growth,
The Tariff Agreement of 1879 and Its Social Consequences, World War
I, etc.)
-
The
Weimar Republic, 1918-33 (The Weimar Constitution, The Stresemann
Era, Hitler and the Rise of National Socialism)
-
The
Third Reich, 1933-45 (The Consolidation of Power, The Outbreak
of World War II, Total Mobilization, Resistance, and the Holocaust,
Defeat)
-
Postwar
Occupation and Division (The Establishment of Occupation Zones,
The Nuremberg Trials and Denazification, The Birth of the FRG and
GDR, etc.)
-
West
Germany and the Community of Nations (Rearmament, Ludwig Erhard
and the Grand Coalition)
-
The
Ulbricht Era, 1949-71 (Consolidation of the New State, Planned
Economy, The Berlin Wall, etc.)
-
The
Social Democratic-Free Democratic Coalition, 1969-82 (Willy
Brandt, Ostpolitik, Helmut Schmidt, The Student Movement and Terrorism)
-
The
Christian Democratic/Christian Socialist-Free Democratic Coalition,
1983-
-
The
Honecker Era, 1971-89 (The Conference on Security and Cooperation
in Europe, Relations Between the Two Germanys, The Last Days of East
Germany)
-
Opening
of the Berlin Wall and Unification
The information is provided by the Library
of Congress. This study attempts to review Germany and treat its dominant
social, political, economic, and military aspects in a concise and objective
manner.
The name Germany is used in three senses: first, it refers to
the region in Central Europe commonly regarded as constituting Germany,
even when there was no central German state, as was the case for most
of Germany's history; second, it refers to the unified German state established
in 1871 and existing until 1945; and third, since October 3, 1990, it
refers to the united Germany, formed by the accession on this date of
the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) to the Federal Republic
of Germany (FRG, or West Germany). The name Federal Republic of Germany
refers to West Germany from its founding on May 23, 1949, until German
unification on October 3, 1990. After this date, it refers to united Germany.
For the sake of brevity and variety, the Federal Republic of Germany is
often called simply the Federal Republic.
The Federal Republic of Germany consists of sixteen states (Laender;
sing., Land ). Five of these Laender date from July
1990, when the territory of the German Democratic Republic was once again
divided into Laender. For this reason, when discussing events
since unification, Germans frequently refer to the territory of the former
East Germany as the new or eastern Laender and call that of the
former West Germany the old or western Laender. For the sake
of convenience and variety, the text often follows this convention to
distinguish eastern from western Germany.
Spellings of place-names used here are in most cases those approved by
the United States Board on Geographic Names. Exceptions are the use of
the conventional English
names for a few important cities, rivers, and geographic regions.
Measurements are given in the metric system. A conversion table is provided
to assist readers unfamiliar with
metric measurements.
The body of the text reflects information available as of August 1995.
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