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Education in Germany

The Basic Law of 1949 grants every German citizen the right to self-fulfillment. In theory, citizens are able to choose the type of education they want and are given access to their preferred occupation or profession whether it is through a business, engineering, or nursing degree. The goal of educational policy is therefore to provide each citizen with opportunities to grow personally, professionally, and as a citizen in accordance with his or her abilities and preferences. The Länder are to provide equal educational opportunities and quality education for all through a variety of educational institutions. 

Education is free and in most types of school is coeducational. Almost all elementary and secondary schools and about 95 percent of higher education institutions are public. College, graduate, and postgraduate students pay a nominal fee ranging from DM35 to DM60 a semester, which includes extensive rights to health care and other social benefits. When churches or private organizations run kindergartens, they do so independently, and the public sector is not involved. 

According to the terms of the Düsseldorf Treaty of 1955, the first major attempt to unify or coordinate the school systems of the Länder, school attendance is mandatory for a minimum of nine years (or in some Länder ten years), beginning at age six. A student who starts vocational training as an apprentice must attend a part-time vocational school until the age of eighteen. 

Overview of Education System, Academic Year 1992-93

Type of Institution Number of Schools Number of Teachers Number of Students
Primary and secondary schools      
Grundschulen 17,941 208,768 3,419,584
Hauptschulen 9,209 101,939 1,483,229
Realschulen 3,634 59,176 1,056,739
Gymnasien 3,126 146,124 2,047,241
Gesamtschulen 930 48,419 493,406
Evening schools 352 3,734 48,606
Total primary and secondary schools 35,192 568,160 8,548,805
Secondary vocational schools      
Berufsschulen 3,233 56,779 1,796,452
Berufsaufbauschulen 230 423 6,564
Berufsfachschulen 2,612 22,103 263,592
Fachoberschulen 740 4,983 75,461
Fachgymnasien 564 9,842 151,819
Total secondary vocational schools 7,379 94,130 2,293,888
Advanced vocational schools      
Fachschulen 1,537 10,953 171,693
Schools of higher education      
Universities 81 127,755 1,223,907
Comprehensive universities 7 8,732 136,731
Teacher-training colleges 8 n.a. 22,518
Theological seminaries 17 n.a. 2,828
Technical colleges 126 5,281 389,501
Art academies 45 1,136 29,718
Colleges of administration 30 n.a. 53,252
Total schools of higher education 314 142,904 1,858,455
TOTAL 44,422 816,147 12,872,841

- Elementary Education
- Junior Education
- Senior Education
- Vocational Education
- Higher Education

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